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General Discussion / Anatomy of a Disaster at Altitude 1079: Oleg Taimen’s Version
« Last post by Олег Таймень on November 07, 2026, 03:24:10 AM »Introduction
An objective analysis of the Dyatlov group tragedy requires moving beyond a conventional, everyday understanding of climatic and physical processes. Mount Kholat Syakhl (elevation 1079) is located in a region of the Northern Urals characterized by intense wind activity. During the winter, specific hydrometeorological conditions develop here: a combination of low temperatures (ranging from −25 °C to −30 °C) and hurricane-force winds (exceeding 25–30 m/s). This creates an extreme wind-chill factor—measured on the Siple-Passel scale—equivalent to temperatures below −50 °C.
🔬 Section 1. Radial Ascent, Photographic Documentation, and a Technogenic Impulse
1.1 Technical and Physical Rationale
The Dyatlov group undertook a radial ascent toward the geodetic summit of Kholat Syakhl, wearing their standard expedition gear, including rigid, welted ski boots. The objective of this excursion was likely to capture panoramic photographs or to document an anomalous physical phenomenon in the atmosphere—a possibility supported by witness accounts of optical effects observed in the skies over the Urals during the winter of 1959.
An analysis of the negatives from Yuri Krivonishchenko’s camera (frame #33) reveals an intense, radially directed exposure of the film’s emulsion layer—an effect that could not have been caused simply by the shutter opening in the dark. Such a veil-like density across the frame is characteristic of exposure to a powerful flash of high-energy, short-wavelength radiation, or perhaps an electromagnetic wavefront associated with a technogenic incident (such as a high-altitude detonation or the emergency launch of a rocket-propelled device). The immediate trigger for the catastrophe was a baroacoustic or dynamic impact—either the front of an atmospheric shock wave (even one that had lost much of its initial force) or a localized, hurricane-force downdraft (a katabatic wind). On an exposed ridge, the physical force of such an impulse causes an instantaneous loss of dynamic equilibrium, sweeping a roped team or group off the slope.
1.2 Historical Parallels and Precedents
The incident on Lenin Peak (1974, Pamir Mountains): A Soviet women’s mountaineering team, led by Elvira Shatayeva, was struck by hurricane-force winds at an altitude of over 7,000 meters. The dynamic force of the gale tore their tents apart, and the winds literally blew the climbers off the slope. While attempting to establish their position, the group lost their ability to maintain a foothold on the icy terrain. All eight members perished from hypothermia and trauma—much like the Dyatlov group—as they struggled against the elements in an exposed area.
The death of the Klusov group in the Caucasus (1967): During an ascent toward a summit, a group of mountaineers was knocked off a ridge by the shock wave of a localized collapse, accompanied by a powerful blast of air. Wearing rigid mountaineering boots, the individuals lost their grip on the icy slope and slid uncontrollably down the sheet of ice, sustaining severe internal injuries upon colliding with rock outcrops further down the slope.
🩺 Section 2. Mechanism of Kinetic Injury on a Rockfield (The "Damping Shield" Effect)
2.1 Scientific and Medical Rationale
In forensic medicine, the injuries sustained by Lyudmila Dubinina, Semyon Zolotaryov, and Nikolai Thibeaux-Brignolles are classified as closed, structural fractures resulting from blunt-force compression by a massive object with a predominantly longitudinal surface, involving high kinetic energy.
During an uncontrolled slide across icy firn (on a 15–20 degree slope, with sliding speeds reaching 50–70 km/h due to the low coefficient of friction between canvas and ice), the body impacts a rockfield—a chaotic accumulation of metamorphic rock boulders with sharp edges.
[ Forward sliding vector: Speed ~60 km/h ]
│
▼
┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Canvas storm jacket + Wool sweater (Damping layer) │
└──────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┘
│ (Distribution of shear force)
▼
╭───────────────────────────╮
│ Rib cage (Compression) │ ──> Simultaneous rib fractures
╰───────────────────────────╯ along anatomical lines
▲
│
[ Edge of a rock boulder ]
The absence of external macroscopic injuries (such as lacerations or extensive abrasions) is explained by the damping properties of the multi-layered winter gear (canvas storm jacket, heavy cloth shirt, and wool sweater). The high-density fabric absorbed the tangential (shearing) force of the impact, preventing the tearing of the epidermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. However, the force impulse was transmitted perpendicular to the anatomical curves of the bony structures, resulting in simultaneous rib fractures along the mid-axillary and mid-clavicular lines. All the blood extravasated into the internal cavities (hemothorax).
The depressed skull fracture—a "Thibault-Brignole" type—was caused by localized contact between the parietal bone (protected by a fur or wool hat) and a protruding, rigid element of the *nast* (a frozen, compacted mass of firn snow) or the edge of a rock. The local stress exceeding the structural strength of the bone tissue led to a compression fracture with the separation of cranial sutures, occurring without any massive laceration of the scalp.
2.2 Historical Parallels and Precedents
The Elbrus Tragedy (2006): During a descent in zero-visibility conditions, a roped team of mountaineers slipped on so-called "bottle ice" (an extremely hard, glaze-like ice formation). Reaching speeds exceeding 60 km/h, the climbers collided with a rocky ridge (known as "Gryadovye Kamni"). Autopsies of two of the victims revealed multiple bilateral rib fractures along the mid-axillary line, accompanied by internal bleeding (hemothorax), yet the skin on their chests remained completely intact. Their outer shell jackets and Polartec mid-layers functioned exactly like the canvas tent material found in the Dyatlov case.
The Chochia-Morozov Fall (Bezengi, Caucasus, 1982): A roped team fell from a steep icy slope, sliding approximately 200 meters before coming to a stop on a field of rock debris (kurum). One of the climbers sustained a severe depressed skull fracture—despite wearing a thick helmet liner. There were virtually no external signs of injury, save for a slight bruising near the temple; however, the internal hematoma and comminuted fracture of the cranial vault were identical to the injuries sustained by Thibeaux-Brignolles.
🛖 Section 3. Evacuation Without Footwear, Thermodynamic Collapse of the Tent, and Emergency Exfiltration
3.1 Technical and Tactical Rationale
The entire group was descending from the summit toward their tent while wearing rigid mountaineering boots. This is the only plausible factor that would have enabled the uninjured hikers (Dyatlov, Kolmogorova, Slobodin, Kolevatov, Doroshenko, and Krivonishchenko) to transport three severely injured individuals—Dubinina (who had sustained bilateral fractures), Zolotaryov, and Thibault-Brignolle (who was in a coma)—across an icy slope. Without rigid, welted mountaineering boots, it would have been impossible to maintain a foothold on the firm, icy snow at a 15-degree incline while carrying the weight of another person; a slip would have been inevitable.
Upon reaching the tent, the group brought the injured inside. To relieve pressure on their feet, prevent localized frostbite, and allow their footwear to dry, the hikers removed their boots (searchers later found nine pairs placed along the tent walls).
The subsequent collapse of the tent was caused by the mechanical overload of the canvas cover. In hurricane-force conditions, snow can accumulate at a rate of 10–15 centimeters per hour due to wind-driven transport from the upper reaches of the slope. The buildup of a critical mass of wind-packed snow on the leeward side caused the storm guy-lines to snap and the central support pole to fail. The tent was instantly transformed into a "compression trap."
Given the physical properties of the canvas (specifically, type 1515, which had become soaked and subsequently frozen), the material was rendered airtight. Within the enclosed space, buried under the weight of the snow, the concentration of CO₂ would have reached a critical level of 5–7% within just 3–4 minutes, leading to hypoxia and asphyxiation. Retrieving footwear from beneath tightly compressed layers of frozen canvas in total darkness requires significant physical effort and time (over 15 minutes)—a feat impossible under conditions of asphyxiation and baroacoustic shock. The only viable survival strategy is to cut through the tent fabric along the path of least resistance (from the inside out) and make an immediate exit into the open.
3.2 Historical Parallels and Precedents
The Gorilovsky Group Incident (Subpolar Urals, 1988): A group of hikers set up camp on a slope. During the night, a rapidly intensifying blizzard caused a dense snowdrift—a "snow cornice"—to collapse onto the tent. The tent roof buckled, pinning the occupants inside. Trapped and in total darkness, the group began to suffocate. Their footwear was buried beneath other gear. The leader gave the order to cut through the tent. The hikers scrambled out—wearing only their socks—and were forced to make an emergency descent toward the treeline, as digging out their belongings in hurricane-force winds without tools proved impossible.
The Romanov Group Fatality (Tian Shan, 1991): A mass of snow collapsed onto the climbers' tent, cutting them off from their footwear and outer clothing. An attempt to dig out their boots with bare hands in −20 °C temperatures resulted in severe frostbite (fourth-degree) for three of the participants within just 10 minutes. The group was forced to begin their descent without footwear, which sealed their fate—they eventually succumbed to the cold.
🌲 Section 4. The Physics of Survival in the Forest Zone: The Snow Niche and the Hypothermic End
4.1 Military-Technical Rationale
The group’s descent—conducted without footwear—followed the line of gravitational flow toward the forest boundary (where the slope gradient decreases from 15 to 5 degrees). The hard-packed firn (crusted snow) in the upper zone left no dynamic traces of dragging; the canvas material of the windbreakers had a low coefficient of friction (f = 0.12) against the icy snow, allowing the injured to be rolled or moved without significantly breaking through the crust. A blizzard and ground drift, with a snow transport rate of 1–2 kg/m² per second, completely erased all tracks within just 1–2 hours.
Upon reaching the forest zone, the group split up, following the classic "Shelter — Fire" survival protocol:
Engineering Shelter (The Stream): Constructing a snow niche (at a depth of 2–2.5 meters) within the bed of a frozen stream represents the pinnacle of utilizing taiga terrain. The dense snow in the streambed has a low thermal conductivity, making it possible to create a closed thermal envelope where the internal temperature remains around 0 °C, even when it is −30 °C outside. A platform constructed from 14 fir branches served to insulate the injured individuals from the icy, frozen ground. Providing the injured with additional outerwear—such as sweaters and Krivonishchenko’s trousers (which had been cut open)—was a tactical allocation of resources intended to prolong the lives of the group’s core members.
Thermal Hub (The Cedar): Building a fire near the cedar tree served both as a visual beacon and an attempt to harness radiant heat. However, in the lower tier of the taiga, the dry coniferous wood available—combined with hurricane-force winds—made it impossible to establish a stable, long-lasting bed of hot coals. Convective heat was simply carried away by the wind.
[ THERMODYNAMICS AT THE CEDAR ]
Katabatic hurricane-force wind (25–30 m/s) ──>
[ Cedar branches ] ──> [ Convective heat carried away ]
│
▼
[ Weak flame ]
▲
│
[ Frostbitten legs ] ──> Loss of sensation (Burns)
When the core body temperature drops below 30 °C (severe hypothermia), the central nervous system enters a state of clinical depression: tactile and pain receptors become blocked. Doroshenko and Krivonishchenko, while maintaining the fire, performed mechanical movements with their arms and legs—stepping directly into the zone of thermal injury (the hot embers)—yet they felt no pain, as their extremities were completely anesthetized by the extreme cold.
The abandonment of the campfire and the death of the first pair compelled Igor Dyatlov to attempt a final, desperate push back up the slope. Moving uphill against hurricane-force winds (at 25 m/s, the dynamic air pressure is approximately 400 Pa) demands a colossal expenditure of energy. With their muscle glycogen stores depleted and their core body temperatures plummeting, the trio—Dyatlov, Kolmogorova, and Slobodin—entered the terminal stage of hypothermia. Rustem Slobodin, who had sustained a closed fracture of the left parietal bone (likely from a fall onto the rocky scree earlier), lost his coordination (ataxia) due to progressive cerebral edema; he fell and froze in a posture suggestive of active movement.
4.2 Historical Parallels and Precedents
The tragedy of the mountaineers on Peak Pobeda (the Chochia group, 1955): While descending during a blizzard, the climbers lost their tent. They dug a snow cave to shelter those suffering from frostbite, giving up their own down jackets to keep them warm. Some members of the group attempted to push further down the mountain to seek help. They froze to death right on the slope, spaced 200–300 meters apart, as they struggled against the gale. The signs of freezing—bodies frozen in a walking posture, total physical exhaustion—are identical to the positions in which the bodies of Dyatlov and Kolmogorova were found. The tragedy near Mount Sayan (1993, Babanov’s group): The skiers lost their bearings, and their tent was blown away. They reached the treeline, where they attempted to burn damp creeping pine. Due to the hurricane-force winds, the fire provided no warmth. Two of the group members, suffering from severe frostbite, crawled so close to the fire that they sustained deep, charred burns on their hands and feet—injuries that were only discovered during a subsequent forensic examination. The cause was cold-induced anesthesia (a complete loss of pain sensitivity prior to death).
An objective analysis of the Dyatlov group tragedy requires moving beyond a conventional, everyday understanding of climatic and physical processes. Mount Kholat Syakhl (elevation 1079) is located in a region of the Northern Urals characterized by intense wind activity. During the winter, specific hydrometeorological conditions develop here: a combination of low temperatures (ranging from −25 °C to −30 °C) and hurricane-force winds (exceeding 25–30 m/s). This creates an extreme wind-chill factor—measured on the Siple-Passel scale—equivalent to temperatures below −50 °C.
🔬 Section 1. Radial Ascent, Photographic Documentation, and a Technogenic Impulse
1.1 Technical and Physical Rationale
The Dyatlov group undertook a radial ascent toward the geodetic summit of Kholat Syakhl, wearing their standard expedition gear, including rigid, welted ski boots. The objective of this excursion was likely to capture panoramic photographs or to document an anomalous physical phenomenon in the atmosphere—a possibility supported by witness accounts of optical effects observed in the skies over the Urals during the winter of 1959.
An analysis of the negatives from Yuri Krivonishchenko’s camera (frame #33) reveals an intense, radially directed exposure of the film’s emulsion layer—an effect that could not have been caused simply by the shutter opening in the dark. Such a veil-like density across the frame is characteristic of exposure to a powerful flash of high-energy, short-wavelength radiation, or perhaps an electromagnetic wavefront associated with a technogenic incident (such as a high-altitude detonation or the emergency launch of a rocket-propelled device). The immediate trigger for the catastrophe was a baroacoustic or dynamic impact—either the front of an atmospheric shock wave (even one that had lost much of its initial force) or a localized, hurricane-force downdraft (a katabatic wind). On an exposed ridge, the physical force of such an impulse causes an instantaneous loss of dynamic equilibrium, sweeping a roped team or group off the slope.
1.2 Historical Parallels and Precedents
The incident on Lenin Peak (1974, Pamir Mountains): A Soviet women’s mountaineering team, led by Elvira Shatayeva, was struck by hurricane-force winds at an altitude of over 7,000 meters. The dynamic force of the gale tore their tents apart, and the winds literally blew the climbers off the slope. While attempting to establish their position, the group lost their ability to maintain a foothold on the icy terrain. All eight members perished from hypothermia and trauma—much like the Dyatlov group—as they struggled against the elements in an exposed area.
The death of the Klusov group in the Caucasus (1967): During an ascent toward a summit, a group of mountaineers was knocked off a ridge by the shock wave of a localized collapse, accompanied by a powerful blast of air. Wearing rigid mountaineering boots, the individuals lost their grip on the icy slope and slid uncontrollably down the sheet of ice, sustaining severe internal injuries upon colliding with rock outcrops further down the slope.
🩺 Section 2. Mechanism of Kinetic Injury on a Rockfield (The "Damping Shield" Effect)
2.1 Scientific and Medical Rationale
In forensic medicine, the injuries sustained by Lyudmila Dubinina, Semyon Zolotaryov, and Nikolai Thibeaux-Brignolles are classified as closed, structural fractures resulting from blunt-force compression by a massive object with a predominantly longitudinal surface, involving high kinetic energy.
During an uncontrolled slide across icy firn (on a 15–20 degree slope, with sliding speeds reaching 50–70 km/h due to the low coefficient of friction between canvas and ice), the body impacts a rockfield—a chaotic accumulation of metamorphic rock boulders with sharp edges.
[ Forward sliding vector: Speed ~60 km/h ]
│
▼
┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Canvas storm jacket + Wool sweater (Damping layer) │
└──────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┘
│ (Distribution of shear force)
▼
╭───────────────────────────╮
│ Rib cage (Compression) │ ──> Simultaneous rib fractures
╰───────────────────────────╯ along anatomical lines
▲
│
[ Edge of a rock boulder ]
The absence of external macroscopic injuries (such as lacerations or extensive abrasions) is explained by the damping properties of the multi-layered winter gear (canvas storm jacket, heavy cloth shirt, and wool sweater). The high-density fabric absorbed the tangential (shearing) force of the impact, preventing the tearing of the epidermis and subcutaneous adipose tissue. However, the force impulse was transmitted perpendicular to the anatomical curves of the bony structures, resulting in simultaneous rib fractures along the mid-axillary and mid-clavicular lines. All the blood extravasated into the internal cavities (hemothorax).
The depressed skull fracture—a "Thibault-Brignole" type—was caused by localized contact between the parietal bone (protected by a fur or wool hat) and a protruding, rigid element of the *nast* (a frozen, compacted mass of firn snow) or the edge of a rock. The local stress exceeding the structural strength of the bone tissue led to a compression fracture with the separation of cranial sutures, occurring without any massive laceration of the scalp.
2.2 Historical Parallels and Precedents
The Elbrus Tragedy (2006): During a descent in zero-visibility conditions, a roped team of mountaineers slipped on so-called "bottle ice" (an extremely hard, glaze-like ice formation). Reaching speeds exceeding 60 km/h, the climbers collided with a rocky ridge (known as "Gryadovye Kamni"). Autopsies of two of the victims revealed multiple bilateral rib fractures along the mid-axillary line, accompanied by internal bleeding (hemothorax), yet the skin on their chests remained completely intact. Their outer shell jackets and Polartec mid-layers functioned exactly like the canvas tent material found in the Dyatlov case.
The Chochia-Morozov Fall (Bezengi, Caucasus, 1982): A roped team fell from a steep icy slope, sliding approximately 200 meters before coming to a stop on a field of rock debris (kurum). One of the climbers sustained a severe depressed skull fracture—despite wearing a thick helmet liner. There were virtually no external signs of injury, save for a slight bruising near the temple; however, the internal hematoma and comminuted fracture of the cranial vault were identical to the injuries sustained by Thibeaux-Brignolles.
🛖 Section 3. Evacuation Without Footwear, Thermodynamic Collapse of the Tent, and Emergency Exfiltration
3.1 Technical and Tactical Rationale
The entire group was descending from the summit toward their tent while wearing rigid mountaineering boots. This is the only plausible factor that would have enabled the uninjured hikers (Dyatlov, Kolmogorova, Slobodin, Kolevatov, Doroshenko, and Krivonishchenko) to transport three severely injured individuals—Dubinina (who had sustained bilateral fractures), Zolotaryov, and Thibault-Brignolle (who was in a coma)—across an icy slope. Without rigid, welted mountaineering boots, it would have been impossible to maintain a foothold on the firm, icy snow at a 15-degree incline while carrying the weight of another person; a slip would have been inevitable.
Upon reaching the tent, the group brought the injured inside. To relieve pressure on their feet, prevent localized frostbite, and allow their footwear to dry, the hikers removed their boots (searchers later found nine pairs placed along the tent walls).
The subsequent collapse of the tent was caused by the mechanical overload of the canvas cover. In hurricane-force conditions, snow can accumulate at a rate of 10–15 centimeters per hour due to wind-driven transport from the upper reaches of the slope. The buildup of a critical mass of wind-packed snow on the leeward side caused the storm guy-lines to snap and the central support pole to fail. The tent was instantly transformed into a "compression trap."
Given the physical properties of the canvas (specifically, type 1515, which had become soaked and subsequently frozen), the material was rendered airtight. Within the enclosed space, buried under the weight of the snow, the concentration of CO₂ would have reached a critical level of 5–7% within just 3–4 minutes, leading to hypoxia and asphyxiation. Retrieving footwear from beneath tightly compressed layers of frozen canvas in total darkness requires significant physical effort and time (over 15 minutes)—a feat impossible under conditions of asphyxiation and baroacoustic shock. The only viable survival strategy is to cut through the tent fabric along the path of least resistance (from the inside out) and make an immediate exit into the open.
3.2 Historical Parallels and Precedents
The Gorilovsky Group Incident (Subpolar Urals, 1988): A group of hikers set up camp on a slope. During the night, a rapidly intensifying blizzard caused a dense snowdrift—a "snow cornice"—to collapse onto the tent. The tent roof buckled, pinning the occupants inside. Trapped and in total darkness, the group began to suffocate. Their footwear was buried beneath other gear. The leader gave the order to cut through the tent. The hikers scrambled out—wearing only their socks—and were forced to make an emergency descent toward the treeline, as digging out their belongings in hurricane-force winds without tools proved impossible.
The Romanov Group Fatality (Tian Shan, 1991): A mass of snow collapsed onto the climbers' tent, cutting them off from their footwear and outer clothing. An attempt to dig out their boots with bare hands in −20 °C temperatures resulted in severe frostbite (fourth-degree) for three of the participants within just 10 minutes. The group was forced to begin their descent without footwear, which sealed their fate—they eventually succumbed to the cold.
🌲 Section 4. The Physics of Survival in the Forest Zone: The Snow Niche and the Hypothermic End
4.1 Military-Technical Rationale
The group’s descent—conducted without footwear—followed the line of gravitational flow toward the forest boundary (where the slope gradient decreases from 15 to 5 degrees). The hard-packed firn (crusted snow) in the upper zone left no dynamic traces of dragging; the canvas material of the windbreakers had a low coefficient of friction (f = 0.12) against the icy snow, allowing the injured to be rolled or moved without significantly breaking through the crust. A blizzard and ground drift, with a snow transport rate of 1–2 kg/m² per second, completely erased all tracks within just 1–2 hours.
Upon reaching the forest zone, the group split up, following the classic "Shelter — Fire" survival protocol:
Engineering Shelter (The Stream): Constructing a snow niche (at a depth of 2–2.5 meters) within the bed of a frozen stream represents the pinnacle of utilizing taiga terrain. The dense snow in the streambed has a low thermal conductivity, making it possible to create a closed thermal envelope where the internal temperature remains around 0 °C, even when it is −30 °C outside. A platform constructed from 14 fir branches served to insulate the injured individuals from the icy, frozen ground. Providing the injured with additional outerwear—such as sweaters and Krivonishchenko’s trousers (which had been cut open)—was a tactical allocation of resources intended to prolong the lives of the group’s core members.
Thermal Hub (The Cedar): Building a fire near the cedar tree served both as a visual beacon and an attempt to harness radiant heat. However, in the lower tier of the taiga, the dry coniferous wood available—combined with hurricane-force winds—made it impossible to establish a stable, long-lasting bed of hot coals. Convective heat was simply carried away by the wind.
[ THERMODYNAMICS AT THE CEDAR ]
Katabatic hurricane-force wind (25–30 m/s) ──>
[ Cedar branches ] ──> [ Convective heat carried away ]
│
▼
[ Weak flame ]
▲
│
[ Frostbitten legs ] ──> Loss of sensation (Burns)
When the core body temperature drops below 30 °C (severe hypothermia), the central nervous system enters a state of clinical depression: tactile and pain receptors become blocked. Doroshenko and Krivonishchenko, while maintaining the fire, performed mechanical movements with their arms and legs—stepping directly into the zone of thermal injury (the hot embers)—yet they felt no pain, as their extremities were completely anesthetized by the extreme cold.
The abandonment of the campfire and the death of the first pair compelled Igor Dyatlov to attempt a final, desperate push back up the slope. Moving uphill against hurricane-force winds (at 25 m/s, the dynamic air pressure is approximately 400 Pa) demands a colossal expenditure of energy. With their muscle glycogen stores depleted and their core body temperatures plummeting, the trio—Dyatlov, Kolmogorova, and Slobodin—entered the terminal stage of hypothermia. Rustem Slobodin, who had sustained a closed fracture of the left parietal bone (likely from a fall onto the rocky scree earlier), lost his coordination (ataxia) due to progressive cerebral edema; he fell and froze in a posture suggestive of active movement.
4.2 Historical Parallels and Precedents
The tragedy of the mountaineers on Peak Pobeda (the Chochia group, 1955): While descending during a blizzard, the climbers lost their tent. They dug a snow cave to shelter those suffering from frostbite, giving up their own down jackets to keep them warm. Some members of the group attempted to push further down the mountain to seek help. They froze to death right on the slope, spaced 200–300 meters apart, as they struggled against the gale. The signs of freezing—bodies frozen in a walking posture, total physical exhaustion—are identical to the positions in which the bodies of Dyatlov and Kolmogorova were found. The tragedy near Mount Sayan (1993, Babanov’s group): The skiers lost their bearings, and their tent was blown away. They reached the treeline, where they attempted to burn damp creeping pine. Due to the hurricane-force winds, the fire provided no warmth. Two of the group members, suffering from severe frostbite, crawled so close to the fire that they sustained deep, charred burns on their hands and feet—injuries that were only discovered during a subsequent forensic examination. The cause was cold-induced anesthesia (a complete loss of pain sensitivity prior to death).